King Military Law

King Military Law - [media]Tench's party thus appears to have combed the whole area from Cooks River to Prospect Creek and the Georges River. Contrary to Tench's account, Private Easty says they finally found a group of Aboriginal people on the beach at Botany Bay – but then returned to Sydney.[37]

[44] John Connor, The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838, UNSW Press, Sydney, p. 26; compare with Arthur Phillip, Journal, (in John Hunter, An Historical Journal of Events at Sydney and at Sea 1787-1792, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1968 (f.p. 1793), p. 299; James L. Kohen, A. Knight and Keith Vincent Smith, 'Uninvited Guests: An Aboriginal Perspective on Government House and Parramatta Park', report prepared for the National Trust of Australia (NSW), August 1999, p. 16.

King Military Law

In Aboriginal Law, justice must be done, and the world righted, through payback. If the perpetrator could not stand trial, then someone of his or her family or clan would have to stand for them. Guilt was transferrable to family and clan. Several historians, including William Stanner, Inga Clendinnen and Keith Vincent Smith, believe that before any further relations could occur, Phillip had to stand trial and be punished according to Aboriginal Law for his crimes and the crimes of his people.

Burramattagal elder who made the first formal recorded protest about when he advised Governor Phillip that the Aboriginal people were angry about the number of white settlers at Rose Hill. He and his family later moved to the river flats near Meadowbank.

[media]Since the 1980s the power of historical imagination – mostly inspired by anthropology and ethnographic history – has reshaped the ways historians think and write about the past. Historical imagination is not about inventing the past, it is about recreating, as fully as possible, the 'past's own present’. It is about re-imagining the human situations, the dilemmas and decisions, and what it's like not knowing what is going to happen.[5]

The Deputy Director works within a complex stakeholder environment to coordinate and deliver legal training courses and capacity-building activities for military officers from the Indo-Pacific region so that they are trained to conduct operations in accordance with the law. The Deputy Director sources trainers from the ADF Military Legal Service, Commonwealth agencies, academia and the humanitarian sector, ensuring appropriate representation and the maintenance of quality training standards at all times.

[media]But what did Bennelong make of all this? As a warrior enmeshed in the complex, post-smallpox, inter-tribal politics of the region, he seemed to be learning all he could about the Berewalgal, their allegiances, their fighting power, their great reserves of food, and he was doing all he could to please them and make them his allies. In April 1790 the fetter was struck from his leg, and Bennelong stripped off his clothes and escaped. Phillip and the officers were bereft. Yet another cross-cultural experiment seemed to have failed.[26]

Eora man who had an important role in relations between the colonists and the local people. With Colebee, Bennelong was abducted by Governor Phillip at Manly on 25 November 1789 and held at Government House. He escaped in May 1790, but started visiting the colony voluntarily later in the year. In December 1792, he travelled to England with Phillip, returning in 1795.

Part of Phillip's early plan for peaceful co-habitation had been to persuade some Eora – preferably a family – to come and live in the town with the British. Not only could the British then learn about the Eora, their language, beliefs and customs – the Eora might be convinced of the newcomers' friendly and peaceful intentions. They could also be introduced to the wonders and comforts of the British way of life and then act as envoys, spreading the message of goodwill and civilisation among their own people.[23]

Rocky outcrop to the east of Sydney Cove, which was a tidal island when Europeans arrived, but was joined to the mainland with rocky rubble in 1818 to provide a basis for Fort Macquarie to be built there. The point is named for Bennelong, who lived in a house on the point in the 1790s.

It is also possible that someone was wounded. Tench was not entirely truthful in his account – Collins reported that the soldiers on the expedition did in fact shoot at Aboriginal people, though he insisted that they failed to hit anyone.[40] Tench also omitted the fact that the second expedition did locate Aboriginal people lying by their fires on the shores of Botany Bay in the early morning darkness of December 24 – after which they began the return journey to Sydney. But there are no more details on what happened that night.

River that rises at Appin in the upland swamps of the O'Hares Creek catchment, and flows 80 kilometres north and east to meet Botany Bay at Taren Point, in Sydney's southern suburbs. The total catchment is over 930 square kilometres managed by a large number of local government authorities and is the main tributary of Botany Bay.

[4] See Emma Dortins, 'The many truths of Bennelong's tragedy', Aboriginal History, vol. 33, 2009, pp 53-75. Bennelong has been long depicted as a drunkard who ‘fell between two cultures’ and was rejected by both communities. Yet recent research reveals he married, had at least one son, was a leader among his people and much lamented when he died, see Keith Vincent Smith, Wallumedegal: An Aboriginal History of Ryde, Ryde City Council, Sydney, 2005, pp. 12-13, 25-7; James L. Kohen, The Darug and their Neighbours: the traditional Aboriginal owners of the Sydney region, Darug Link and Blacktown and District Historical Society, Sydney, 1993, p. 55; Grace Karskens, The Colony: A History of Early Sydney, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2009, pp. 422-3.

[10] See Tiffany Shellam, Shaking Hands on the Fringe: Negotiating the Aboriginal World at King George's Sound, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, Western Australia, 2009; Stephen J. Kunitz cited in Tom Griffiths, 'Empire and Ecology: Towards an Australian history of the world', in Tom Griffiths and Libby Robin (eds), Empire and Ecology: Environmental History of Settler Societies, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1997, p. 3. Paul Irish's research reveals that Aboriginal people occupied the coastal parts of Sydney continuously throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, see Paul Irish, Hidden in Plain View: The Aboriginal People  of Coastal Sydney, NewSouth Books, Sydney, 2017.

Drowned river valley that forms Sydney Harbour and includes North Harbour and Middle Harbour. Long inhabited by the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Wangal and Eora people, Port Jackson was renamed by Captain Cook in 1770, although his ship did not enter the Heads.

The ADF Indo-Pacific Centre for Military Law (IPCML) is a small, integrated team of civilian personnel and permanent and reserve military legal officers which trains over 500 international military officers annually, both in Australia, and through Mobile Training Teams deployed to the Indo-Pacific region.

In addition, the Deputy Director assists the Director in ensuring the maintenance of high standards of governance and reporting in line with Australian Government practices, in particular those specified by Defence Legal. An evolving area of work for the Deputy Director is in the development of collaborative partnerships by fostering and maintaining a broad range of contacts in this field in order to encourage the mutual exchange of ideas and experiences and to benchmark best practice in military law training. The Deputy Director will be responsible for managing the design, delivery and evaluation of the suite of courses run in-house and by Mobile Training Teams, as well as managing staff, resources, workloads and priorities of the IPCML to deliver timely, cost-effective and quality legal training.

[media]The second scenario is this: by the time the first farms were being carved out of the bush, Phillip well-knew the fighting power and determination of the Eora warriors, particularly their animosity towards unarmed convicts trespassing in Country. He knew that they were not cowardly, weak people who could simply be moved on, as Cook and Banks had described them. Although plenty of Sydney people now had Eora friends, Phillip's earlier policy of kindness and gifts could not completely stop Eora violence, any more than he could stop settler transgressions. The new farms made the situation still more complex and dangerous. They were spread over a much greater area than the town of Sydney, they were isolated, and they would disrupt many different Aboriginal groups. How would it even be possible to use the policy of patient kindness with all of them?

[25] Watkin Tench, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson, published as Sydney's First Four Years edited by L. F. Fitzhardinge, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979 (f.p. 1793), p. 145; David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, facs. ed. Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1971 (f.p. T. Cadell and W Davies, London, 1798), vol. 1, pp. 57-8; Inga Clendinnen, Dancing with Stranger, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2003, pp.189, 222.

How do we interpret Phillip in the light of his actions towards Aboriginal people? Was he a hero or a villain, a good guy or a bad guy? Do we keep him on his pedestal or knock him off? Or, do the twin lenses reveal something else: a pragmatic man in a real and difficult situation? At least two scenarios are possible: one is that Phillip considered the good relations he had established with the Eora of Sydney could and should stand in for his good relations with all Aboriginal people. He had conciliated them, as instructed, and he had done his job.

The Eora were also theoretically already British subjects because they were not considered to be the sovereign occupants or owners of the land. Thus they were – supposedly – subject to British justice – also considered a great gift.[24] But the Eora had their own legal system, and they were often repelled by what they saw of British justice. When forced to watch floggings, for example, they were horrified. In their own system of justice, the guilty were not bound and helpless but could defend themselves against the spears by parrying with shields.[25]

River that flows through south-west Sydney, starting at Graf Park, Yagoona, through to Botany Bay at Kyeemagh. The river was extensively polluted by industry and its course was changed to accommodate the runways of Sydney Airport.

The IPCML operates a high tempo legal training environment with a full program of training year-round, which will require on-site support and possible domestic and international travel. This is an opportunity for someone with a keen interest in international relations and international law to be involved with legal training and defence cooperation with partners from the Indo-Pacific region in order to shape Australia’s strategic environment.

[we] Started again att 3 oclock and went to Botany Bay and halted on the North Shore untill 2 on the Morning of the 24 when we went Down the Beach for abought 3 miles whaare we Saw Sevaral of the natives by thier fires and then and Marched Back to the Place from whence we Started and halted till 7 oclock when we returned to Sidney by 9 that morning after a most teadious march as Ever men went in the time.[36]

[media]The perspective of the broader Aboriginal world adds something useful here: after all, the arrival of the First Fleet and the setting up of the small camp in Sydney Cove is momentous only in retrospect: it marked the origins of a great city. But at the time it was just a tiny pinprick on the edge of a vast and ancient Aboriginal continent – it made barely a ripple at first. From this perspective, the idea that Phillip's first footfall on the beach in Botany Bay brought instant death and corruption across the entire continent is Eurocentric nonsense. Aboriginal people did not drop dead or lose their culture the moment they saw a white person.[10]

[media]In October 1790, about the same time as Bennelong's triumphant entry into Sydney, one of the Burramattegal elders, Maugoran, came down to protest to Phillip. This was the first recorded formal Aboriginal protest in Australia. Maugoran told Phillip that the people at Parramatta were very angry at the invasion of their country. Phillip noted it all down, but observed bluntly that 'wherever our colonists fix themselves, the natives are obliged to leave that country'.  Instead of attempts at compromise or amelioration one might expect from a governor so committed to peaceful relations, Phillip immediately reinforced the detachment at Parramatta with more soldiers.[45]

The IPCML forms part of the Military Law Branch, and reports to the Director-General Military Legal Service. The team is co-located with the Military Legal Training Centre at Victoria Barracks Sydney in Paddington, NSW. The two centres share an administrative team (1 x APS6 Business Manager, 1 x APS5 Paralegal, 2 x APS4 Business Support Officers, 1 x APS1 Admin Officer), which performs critical administrative support and enabling functions to support training and capacity-building activities to military officers from the Indo-Pacific region.

Phillip did forbid anyone from shooting or otherwise harming Eora. But by anyone he meant convicts. He had them severely punished for doing so and for stealing from Eora. But this did not mean that officers and other military did not shoot at Aboriginal people – they did, usually with small shot, usually because warriors were throwing spears and stones at them. The first fatality may have occurred in September 1789 when Henry Hacking shot into a group while out hunting on the North Shore.[19]

The role of Deputy Director requires well-developed management skills, proficiency in training design and delivery (familiarity with the Systems Approach to Defence Learning is an advantage) and proficiency in the fields of International Relations, International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law. This position contributes to Australia's security and stability in the region by promoting respect for the rule of law and compliance with international law, and the successful candidate will be expected to contribute to strategic initiatives and high-level matters in support of senior staff.

Our ideal candidate will have the ability to communicate in a clear, concise and articulate manner, both in writing and orally. Additionally, the successful candidate will need to work well autonomously, have a good sense of initiative, and be a self-starter, whilst also working closely with a team and in support of the Director IPCML.

[24] Their actual legal status remained ambiguous for decades, since they could not give evidence in British courts because they were considered incapable of taking the Christian oath and of understanding the proceedings. See Bruce Kercher, An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1995, pp. 4-5.

[28] Inga Clendinnen, Dancing with Strangers, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2003, pp. 133-9; Keith Vincent Smith, Bennelong: The Coming in of the Eora Sydney Cove 1788-1792, Kangaroo Press, Sydney, 2001, chapter 9; Grace Karskens, The Colony, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2009, pp. 386-9; re Bennelong's gunya see Watkin Tench, A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson, published as Sydney's First Four Years edited by L. F. Fitzhardinge, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979 (f.p. 1793), p. 200; David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, facs. ed. Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1971 (f.p. T. Cadell and W Davies, London, 1798), vol. 1, p.137.

[media]I agree with Inga Clendinnen and others that Phillip and the officers were genuinely committed to establishing and maintaining friendly and peaceful relations.[9] Phillip initially thought there would be no problem avoiding disputes with Aboriginal people. In fact, he and the officers hungered for friendship. The early meetings in Botany Bay and Port Jackson were often marked by friendliness, curiosity, gift giving and dancing together on the beaches. This is so entirely different from earlier violent and murderous encounters between Europeans and Indigenous people. It is also very different from the frontier violence that dominated pastoral expansion in Australia well into the twentieth century. In that sense it was enlightened and humane.

[media]Again, this plan was underpinned by some profound cultural assumptions. While they were very interested in the Eora, Phillip and the officers seem to have had little inkling that they already had their own complex social and cultural systems and were in no need of British ones. The idea that the Eora would or could abruptly drop their entire culture and way of life for a British one seems bizarre to us. But that is what the British assumed would happen. When it didn't, they were confused. How could anyone not want to be British?

This was one of the happiest days for many of the early officer chroniclers – they were genuinely delighted and relieved, because they believed that the violence was now at an end, and the two groups were now friends, who would live in amity.[29] It is deeply poignant to read those words now, knowing what happened in the decades that followed.

king military law google review, don king attorney, don king military law, king law firm san diego, king lawyer san diego, san diego military lawyer

Kennywood Military Discount

Kennywood Military Discount - Normally you will see Military Discount published by Kennywood Amusement Park USA on their official website. It may cost you lots of time to search for a discount. The Coupon can also be found in other places, and yet sometimes your work is in vain.

Kennywood Amusement Park USA Military Discount provided by Coupert can be well-guaranteed. You can now enjoy Military Discount by purchasing online at Kennywood Amusement Park USA. As long as you conform to the discount use requirements, the Kennywood Amusement Park USA Military Coupon can be used to save money during settlement.

Kennywood Military Discount

We cannot guarantee the Promo Code will always be valid, so you'd better notice the latest news at kennywood.com and Coupert. Kennywood Amusement Park USA is such generosity that he allows Military and Veterans to enjoy 10%.

Service Partners

Kennywood Amusement Park USA Military Discount can be used as you can even save Kennywood Amusement Park USA Military Discount. Once you see another Promo Code, you may need to give up other discounts and then only use the Military Discount.

You will know Coupon details via their policy. Military – including active duty, reserves, national guard, and veterans. can enjoy Military Discount offered by Kennywood Amusement Park USA. Military Discount can only be available when you shop online.

When you use Military Discounts, you need to abandon other discounts. The Greater Pittsburgh business and civilian communities are tremendous supporters of our active, reserve, retired and veteran service members and their families. Included in the Support Services section of the Heroes Supporting Heroes Network are special programs offered by private and public businesses specifically for military families in the Western Pennsylvania area.

In most cases, the Military Discount provided by Kennywood Amusement Park USA is used independently. Feel free to use larger discounts if you find in priority compared with Military Discount. The detailed using limit of the promotions of Kennywood Amusement Park USA should be paid attention to know about the using rules of discounts.

There will be no refreshed info about the discounts sometimes even if alterations have been made on kennywood.com, please don't mind! Kennywood Amusement Park USA believe soldiers fulfill their destiny with high responsibility to safeguard our country.

Our society would be in a big mess without soldiers. Military Discount is established in particular by Kennywood Amusement Park USA to praise soldiers for their hard work. Discount getting up to 10% off can be provided for military on kennywood.com to save money.

kennywood military discount tickets, kennywood promo code, kennywood military tickets, kennywood lights discount tickets, aaa kennywood discount tickets, kennywood veterans discount, cheap kennywood tickets, kennywood deals

Jackie Robinson Military

Jackie Robinson Military - Incidentally, on July 26, 1948, just over a year after Robinson made his trailblazing appearance in the Major Leagues, Executive Order 9982 was issued by President Harry S. Truman, abolishing racial discrimination in the armed forces.

It is for these reasons that we should all be grateful that Robinson was acquitted at his court-martial for refusing to move to the back of the bus, and that we should honor the immortal legacy of Jackie Robinson as one of the greatest heroes of the

Jackie Robinson Military

modern civil rights movement, this extraordinarily noble man who suffered so much in so many ways for the sacrifices he made, both publicly and privately, so that African Americans could continue their long march for freedom and equality in this great republic with new vigor and determination

After The Army

. In a July 1944 letter from Robinson to Truman Gibson, who had earlier aided the former OCS candidate, he wrote: "I don't want any unfavorable publicity for myself or the Army but I believe in fair play and I feel I have to let

[someone] in on the case.” 2nd Lieutenant Jackie Robinson's court-martial commenced on August 2, 1944. During the trial, cross-examination of the prosecution's witnesses by Robinson's attorney, Captain William Cline, revealed numerous inconsistencies in their testimonies. Robinson was ultimately acquitted on all charges.

Robinson led that league in batting average in 1946 and was brought up to play for Brooklyn in 1947. He was an immediate success on the field. Leading the National League in stolen bases, he was chosen Rookie of the Year.

In 1949 he won the batting championship with a .342 average and was voted the league's Most Valuable Player (MVP). Major League Baseball celebrates Jackie Robinson Day each April 15. On that day the number that Robinson wore for the Brooklyn Dodgers, 42—retired from Major League Baseball in 1997—is "unretired" and worn by all players, coaches, and umpires in the

Standing His Ground

games played that day. Call Veteran Owned Business: (877) 862-5478 | Army US Army | Air Force USAF | USMC Marines | Navy USN | National Guard Coast Guard USCG | Add your Veteran-Owned Small Business VOSB or SDVOSB to our FREE Prior Military Veteran-Owned Business Directory |

Search by NAICS Codes | Veteran Owned Business Certification | Veterans Business News | Veteran Business Owners | Veterans In Business Organization: American Veteran Owned Business Association | Veterans Marketplace | Famous Veterans Robinson was transferred to the 758th Tank Battalion on July 24, "where the commander signed orders to prosecute him."

On that day, he was arrested. Rampersad says that "At 1:45 in the afternoon on August 2, the case of The United States v. 2nd Lieutenant Jack R. Robinson, 0-10315861, Cavalry, Company C, 758th Tank Battalion, began."

Robinson's fate was in the hands of nine men, eight of them white: "One was black; another had been a UCLA student [where Robinson had been an undergraduate]. Six votes were needed for conviction." On November 4, 1944, Lieutenant Robinson was honorably discharged from the United States Army, allegedly due to two ankle injuries he sustained playing football in 1937, and again in 1941. A bone chip in Robinson's twice-broken ankle periodically caused the joint to lock

Add Your Vob/Sdvosb

up, which made him physically unfit for military service. Now a civilian, Robinson was free to pursue a career in professional baseball. As detailed in the masterful Jackie Robinson: A Biography by Arnold Rampersad, on July 6, 1944, Robinson "became entangled in a dispute that threatened to end his military service in disgrace."

While riding on a military bus returning to a hospital from "the colored officers club," Robinson sat next to Virginia Jones, the wife of one of his fellow officers. Jones looked white — at least the white bus driver thought so.

After a few blocks, the driver abruptly ordered Robinson "to move to the back of the bus." Robinson, justifiably outraged, refused. Among other things, he had read that segregation was no longer allowed on military buses (pdf) and proceeded to engage in a form of protest prefiguring a similar action by Rosa Parks 11 years later.

Are you a Veteran Entrepreneur or is your company owned by a veteran (VOB), active duty military, reservist or service disabled veteran (SDVOSB / DVBE), or military spouse or veteran spouse of the United States Army (USARMY), Air Force (

Setting History In Motion

USAF), Marines (USMC), Navy (USN), Coast Guard (USCG) or National Guard? If it is, be sure to get your company's free listing on our veteran owned business directory. There is no charge to search for service disabled veteran-owned businesses (SDVOSB) and veteran-owned businesses (VOB) and there is no cost to list your business if it is owned by a past or present member of the United States Armed Forces!

An event on July 6, 1944 derailed Robinson's military career. While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer's wife; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line, the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus.

Robinson refused. The driver backed down, but after reaching the end of the line, summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody. When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended Robinson be court-martialled.

After Robinson's commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action, Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion—where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, public drunkenness, even

An Unjust Era

although Robinson did not drink. Jackie Robinson was reared in Pasadena, California. An outstanding all-around athlete at Pasadena Junior College and at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), he excelled in football, basketball, track, and baseball.

He withdrew from UCLA in his third year to help his mother care for the family. In 1942 he entered the U.S. Army. It is so easy for us to underestimate the enormous significance, both symbolically and politically, of Jackie Robinson's integration of Major League Baseball, today when so many black athletes play such dominant roles in sports.

Baseball was America's "national pastime," and it was also, accordingly, the ultimate bastion of white male dominance. If professional sports as a whole were to be desegregated — and to some extent, the larger society — this effort had to commence on the baseball field.

To understand the even broader social and political import of what Robinson's actions on the field initiated, we only need to consider the chain reaction of crucial episodes in the history of the civil rights movement that unfolded almost immediately after his first season with the Dodgers.

His Fight For Equality

Rickey had been planning an attempt to integrate baseball and was looking for the right candidate. Robinson's skills on the field, his integrity, and his conservative family-oriented lifestyle all appealed greatly to Rickey. Rickey's main fear concerning Robinson was that he would be unable to withstand the racist abuse without responding in a way that would hurt integration's chances for success.

During a legendary meeting Rickey shouted insults at Robinson, trying to be certain that Robinson could accept taunts without incident. On October 23, 1945, Rickey signed Robinson to play on a Dodger farm team, the Montreal Royals of the International League.

These are the facts of his baseball career, which kids my age knew by heart. But what virtually none of us knew back then, and many people don't know today, is that Lt. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was actually court-martialed in 1944!

Court-martials are military courts, usually consisting of a panel of commissioned officers who conduct a criminal trial. There are three types of courts-martial: Summary Court-Martial, Special Court-Martial and General Court-Martial. Robinson faced a General Court-Martial. The rest, as they say, is history: During a relatively short career spanning only nine years, Robinson was Rookie of the Year in 1947, Most Valuable Player in 1949, took his team to the World Series six times (including one World Championship in

1955) and made the All-Star Team six times. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1962, and in an unprecedented gesture to his enormous historical significance and prowess as an athlete, Major League Baseball retired his number "42" in 1997, the first time this has been done for any athlete in

any sport. I'm not claiming that what Jackie Robinson alone achieved in 1947 set off this chain reaction of events, but his courage and bravery played a major role in the history of integration, both on the field and throughout American society, and no history of the

civil rights movement would be complete without noting Robinson's major role, and according to him a place of honor and immortality in African-American history because of it. Plenty of times I wanted to haul off when somebody insulted me for the color of my skin, but I had to keep to myself.

I knew I was kind of an experiment. The whole thing was bigger than me. In 1947, the year he broke baseball's "color line," Jackie Robinson was named National League Rookie of the Year. In 1949 he was the league's Most Valuable Player.

Robinson led the Brooklyn Dodgers to six league championships and one World Series victory. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Had he been found guilty, the whole course of black participation in professional baseball and every other professional sport, as well as the modern civil rights movement, most probably would have been profoundly affected adversely.

But the circumstances of that court-martial only add to Robinson's credentials as one of the true pioneers of the civil rights movement. Jackie Robinson, byname of Jack Roosevelt Robinson, (born January 31, 1919, Cairo, Georgia, U.S.—died October 24, 1972, Stamford, Connecticut), the first Black baseball player to play in the American major leagues during the 20th century.

On April 15, 1947, Robinson broke the decades-old "color line" of Major League Baseball when he appeared on the field for the National League Brooklyn Dodgers. He played as an infielder and outfielder for the Dodgers from 1947 through 1956.

Off the field, Jackie Robinson was also one of the movement's strongest voices, in spite of the fact that he had to withstand so much abuse on the field and from the stands in stoic yet eloquent silence.

He once wrote, in a letter to Averell Harriman in 1955, that "We are sure that in time, the spirit embedded in the Constitution of the United States will prevail in all sections of the country;

however, it is important now that we be vigilant in guarding against flagrant miscarriages of justice that will hurt not only the innocent victims, but also the perpetrators." He desperately — and unsuccessfully — lobbied Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon to intervene when Dr.

King was jailed in Georgia in October 1960. Some scholars believe that John Kennedy's decision to do so led to his margin of victory over Nixon. Rampersad reprints Robinson's statement about what happened next: "The bus driver asked me for my identification card.

I refused to give it to him. He then went to the Dispatcher and told him something. What he told him I don't know. He then comes back and tells the people that this nigger is making trouble.

I told the driver to stop f—in with me, so he gets the rest of the men around there and starts blowing his top and someone calls the MP's." Robinson was placed under "arrest in quarters," which meant that "he would be considered under arrest at the hospital, although without a guard.

Robinson was then taken to the hospital in a police pickup truck." A white officer would recall that Robinson "was handcuffed, and there were shackles on his legs. Robinson's face was angry, the muscles on his face tight, his eyes half closed."

In 1997, Jackie Robinson's uniform number 42 was retired throughout professional baseball. Subsequently in 2004, Major League Baseball designated April 15th as Jackie Robinson Day. On this day, every player, coach, manager, and umpire wears Robinson's number to honor the man and his enduring legacy.

Robinson not only changed the game of baseball by breaking the color barrier, but also by the way he lived his life with humility, poise, and an unwavering commitment to equality. Legendary number 42 continues to inspire the lives of others today.

For more information regarding Jackie Robinson's life, click here. In April 1997, on the 50th anniversary of the breaking of the color bar in baseball, baseball commissioner Bud Selig retired Robinson's jersey number, 42, from Major League Baseball.

It was common for a team to retire the number of a player from that team, but for a number to be retired for all the professional teams within a sport was unprecedented. In 2004 Major League Baseball announced that it would annually honor Robinson each April 15, which would henceforth be recognized as Jackie Robinson Day.

Three years later, star slugger Ken Griffey, Jr., received permission from the commissioner of baseball to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day, and the annual "unretiring" of Robinson's number gained more adherents until, in 2009, Major League Baseball decided

that all players, coaches, and umpires would wear number 42 on April 15. Veteran Business Owners: join 37,000+ other businesses proudly owned by veterans, active duty, reservists, service disabled veterans and military spouses! Get your company's FREE profile and be seen by millions of fellow veterans, government agencies, prime/sub contractors, corporate purchasing departments and every day consumers strongly support businesses owned by those who proudly served/serve our great nation!

It's FREE! When the bus reached the end of the line, Military Police were called and took Robinson into custody. When Lieutenant Robinson challenged the racist line of questioning by the assistant provost marshal, the officer of the day, and others regarding his unfair treatment on the bus, he was arrested.

As a result of the confrontation, several charges were brought against Robinson, to include insubordination, conduct unbecoming of an officer, refusing to obey the lawful orders of a superior officer, disturbing the peace, drunkenness (although he did not drink), and insulting

a civilian woman. The beleaguered Lieutenant would face these trumped-up charges against him in a court-martial. First, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9982 on July 26, 1948, just over a year after Robinson faced his first pitcher at Ebbets Field, abolishing racial discrimination in the armed forces.

It is certainly reasonable to assume that Truman's timing was informed by Robinson's successful integration of professional baseball. Truman's desegregation of the military no doubt informed the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board decision desegregating public schools in 1954, which in turn informed the actions of Rosa Parks on her bus, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Out of the Montgomery Bus Boycott emerged the leadership role of the young Martin Luther King Jr. Without Martin Luther King, Jr. there would have been no modern civil rights movement. Did you know that April 15th is Jackie Robinson Day?

On this day in 1947, Robinson broke Major League Baseball's decades-old color barrier, when he stepped foot onto Ebbets Field as the Brooklyn Dodgers' first baseman, wearing his now iconic number 42 jersey. However, few know that before his legendary career as a professional baseball player, Robinson served in the United States Army during WWII.

Continue reading to learn more! Jackie Robinson's moral courage and fierce opposition to racism while in the Army foreshadowed the impact the future Hall of Famer would have less than three years later, when number 42 stood at first base on Ebbets Field as a Brooklyn Dodger.

Robinson faced two charges: "The first, a violation of Article of War No. 63, accused him of 'behaving with disrespect towards Capt. Gerald M. Bear, CMP, his superior officer' ... The second charge was a violation of Article No.

64, in this case 'willful disobedience of lawful command of Gerald M. Bear, CMP, his superior.'" Three other charges were dropped before the trial began. Testimony reveals how bravely Robinson had fought to defend himself on the evening of the incident, including reportedly saying quite heroically, "Look here, you son-of-a-bitch, don't you call me no nigger!"

After a four-hour trial, Robinson was exonerated: "Robinson secured at least the four votes (secret and written) needed for his acquittal. He was found 'not guilty of all specifications and charges.'" After his discharge, Robinson briefly returned to his old football club, the Los Angeles Bulldogs.

Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Sam Huston College in Austin, then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. The job included coaching the school's basketball team for the 1944-45 season.

As it was a fledgling program, few students tried out for the basketball team, and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games. Although his teams were outmatched by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinary coach, and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters.

After retiring from baseball early in 1957, Robinson engaged in business and in civil rights activism. He was a spokesperson for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and made appearances with Martin Luther King, Jr.

With his induction in 1962, Robinson became the first Black person in the Baseball Hall of Fame, in Cooperstown, New York. His autobiography, I Never Had It Made, was published in 1972. In 1984 Robinson was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor for an American civilian.

As the philosopher Cornel West put it in his introduction to Jackie Robinson's autobiography, I Never Had It Made, "More even than either Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War, or Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights movement, Jackie Robinson graphically symbolized and personified the challenge to a vicious legacy and ideology of white supremacy in American history," a challenge, Cornel continued, that "remains incomplete, unfinished."

His career in baseball was stellar. His lifetime batting average was .311, and he led the Dodgers to six league championships and one World Series victory. As a base runner, Robinson unnerved opposing pitchers and terrorized infielders who had to try to prevent him from stealing bases.

jackie robinson military career, jackie robinson us army, jackie robinson military service, jackie robinson bus incident, jackie robinson military life, jackie robinson war, jackie robinson army, jackie robinson awards